Old recipe books are full of strange volumetric quantities such as jigger or pony. Unfortunately, these indications are very inaccurate because their volume is not standardised and the understanding of what is meant by it has changed again and again over time. In some books, however, conversions are given that help us to shed light on the matter.
Fortunately, the corresponding volumes are often given in ounces or gills. However, one must take into account whether English or American units of measurement are meant. An English gill contains about 142.07 ml, an American gill only 118.29 ml; an English ounce (oz) contains about 28.41 ml, an American ounce 29.57 ml (for simplicity’s sake, 30 ml is used).
As we have already seen for the dash, As we have already seen for the Dash, the specifications of what is meant by a jigger unfortunately also differ greatly. They vary between 1 and 2 oz. Nor can it be said that there was a uniformity until the onset of prohibition. Although 1 jigger usually held 2 oz, in the bars in New York’s financial district around Wall Street the quantity was only 1.25 oz. In later times, the majority of people probably understood this to mean 1.5 oz.
The term jigger dates back to the mid-16th century and was originally a colloquial term for a door. [3] Merriam-Webster gives the oldest meaning as dating from 1675, when a jigger was “one that jigs or operates a jig”. [5] This fits very well into our context, as a jigger is something like a quantity template.
In the 1870s, specially made jiggers replaced sherry and liqueur glasses when measuring out quantities. [6-393]
It looks similar for a pony. The specifications vary between 0.75 and 1 oz. Unfortunately, at the same time the ratio between pony and jigger is similarly variable. 1 jigger can be between 1.33 and 2 ponies.
But a pony in Glasgow, for example, was also the amount of nine-tenths of a Gill, or about 4.5 oz. In Australia, on the other hand, 5 oz. The Oxford English Dictionary provides an explanation. It defines a pony as simply “a small glass or measure of alcohol”. The term pony dates back to the mid-17th century and is thought to derive from the French poulnet, meaning “little foal”, a diminutive of poulain, which derives from the Late Latin pullanus, from the Latin pullus meaning “young animal”. [1][2][4] According to Merriam-Webster, a pony refers to something smaller than the standard. [4]
We don’t even need to speculate about what is meant by a wine glass, liqueur glass or whiskey glass; the differences are even greater here.
The volume of a wine glass was never officially defined, yet the wine glass was often used as a British liquid measure in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially it is said to have held around 60 ml, later around 120 ml. [6-324][6-791]
What Rober Vermeire already stated in 1922 still applies: there are no standard measures, we are on our own and have to make our own assumptions. In the end, we can only understand the given recipes as a guide; only taste judgement can give qualified information about which proportions to use. And as we know, tastes differ.
1908 William Boothby: The World’s Drinks. Page 66.
1 pony = a glass having the smallest possible capacity
1910 Anonymus. 101 Drinks and How to Mix Them. A Few Well-Choosen Words.
… A jigger holds 2 ounces. A pony holds 1 ounce. The cor- rect highball glass holds 6 ounces, and requires a pony of liquor. “Old Fashioned” glasses also hold 6 ounces, whereas medium bar glasses hold 12 ounces and cocktail glasses 2.
1922 Robert Vermeire: Cocktails. How to Mix Them. Page 9-10:
1934 American Traveling Mixologists (Charles C. Mueller, Al Hoppe Sr., A. V. Guzman & James Cunningham): Pioneers of Mixing at Elite Bars 1903-1933. Seite 17.
In the original preface (on page 9) we read that a jigger can contain different volumes. The size of 1.25 ounces was used in New York’s financial district in the years between 1880 and 1919; the standard jigger, as used in first-class hotels at the time of the book’s printing, holds 1.5 ounces.
Fortunately, the corresponding volumes are often given in ounces or gills. However, one must take into account whether English or American units of measurement are meant. An English gill contains about 142.07 ml, an American gill only 118.29 ml; an English ounce (oz) contains about 28.41 ml, an American ounce 29.57 ml (for simplicity’s sake, 30 ml is used).
As we have already seen for the dash, As we have already seen for the Dash, the specifications of what is meant by a jigger unfortunately also differ greatly. They vary between 1 and 2 oz. Nor can it be said that there was a uniformity until the onset of prohibition. Although 1 jigger usually held 2 oz, in the bars in New York’s financial district around Wall Street the quantity was only 1.25 oz. In later times, the majority of people probably understood this to mean 1.5 oz.
The term jigger dates back to the mid-16th century and was originally a colloquial term for a door. [3] Merriam-Webster gives the oldest meaning as dating from 1675, when a jigger was “one that jigs or operates a jig”. [5] This fits very well into our context, as a jigger is something like a quantity template.
In the 1870s, specially made jiggers replaced sherry and liqueur glasses when measuring out quantities. [6-393]
It looks similar for a pony. The specifications vary between 0.75 and 1 oz. Unfortunately, at the same time the ratio between pony and jigger is similarly variable. 1 jigger can be between 1.33 and 2 ponies.
But a pony in Glasgow, for example, was also the amount of nine-tenths of a Gill, or about 4.5 oz. In Australia, on the other hand, 5 oz. The Oxford English Dictionary provides an explanation. It defines a pony as simply “a small glass or measure of alcohol”. The term pony dates back to the mid-17th century and is thought to derive from the French poulnet, meaning “little foal”, a diminutive of poulain, which derives from the Late Latin pullanus, from the Latin pullus meaning “young animal”. [1] [2] [4] According to Merriam-Webster, a pony refers to something smaller than the standard. [4]
We don’t even need to speculate about what is meant by a wine glass, liqueur glass or whiskey glass; the differences are even greater here.
The volume of a wine glass was never officially defined, yet the wine glass was often used as a British liquid measure in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially it is said to have held around 60 ml, later around 120 ml. [6-324] [6-791]
What Rober Vermeire already stated in 1922 still applies: there are no standard measures, we are on our own and have to make our own assumptions. In the end, we can only understand the given recipes as a guide; only taste judgement can give qualified information about which proportions to use. And as we know, tastes differ.
Our suggestions
Sources
Historical specifications
In detail, the following information is given in the various bar books:
1900 William T. Boothby: Cocktail Boothby’s American Bartender. #187.
1 pony = the smallest glass in the house
1904 John Applegreen: Applegreen’s Barkeeper’s Guide. Page 3, 8, 9.
1 cocktail glass = 4 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 2 ounces
1 whisky sour glass = 5,5 ounces
1908 William Boothby: The World’s Drinks. Page 66.
1 pony = a glass having the smallest possible capacity
1910 Anonymus. 101 Drinks and How to Mix Them. A Few Well-Choosen Words.
… A jigger
holds 2 ounces. A pony holds 1 ounce. The cor-
rect highball glass holds 6 ounces, and requires
a pony of liquor. “Old Fashioned” glasses also
hold 6 ounces, whereas medium bar glasses
hold 12 ounces and cocktail glasses 2.
1922 Robert Vermeire: Cocktails. How to Mix Them. Page 9-10:
1 dash = 1/3 teaspoonful
1 liqueur glass = 1/4 gill
1 cocktail glass = 16-18 teaspoonfuls = 1/2 gill
1 small wineglass = 3/4 gill
1 wineglass = 1 gill = 142 ml
1 tumbler = 2 gills
Rober Vermeire lets us know that there are no standard measurements, but that he uses the ones mentioned above.
1933 Anonymus: The Bartender’s Friend. Page 5.
1 dash = 20 drops
1 thimbleful = 30 drops = 1,5 dashes
1 teaspoonful = 60 drops = 2 thimblefuls = 3 dashes
1 dessert-spoonful = 120 drops = 2 teaspoonfuls
1 tablespoonful = 240 drops = 1/2 ounce = 2 dessert-spoonfuls
1 pony = 480 drops = 1 ounce = 2 tablespoonfuls
1 jigger = 960 drops = 2 ounces = 2 ponies
8 drams = 1 ounce
1 gill = 4 ounces
1933 Anonymus: The Bartender’s Friend. Page 159 – 161.
1 brandy pony = 1 ounce
1 cocktail glass = 3,5 onces
1 old fashioned glass = 5 ounces
1 tumbler = 6 ounces
1 whiskey glass = 2 bis 4 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1933 Harry Todd: Mixer’s Guide. Page 6.
1 pony = 1/4 whiskey glass = 0,875 ounces
1 jigger = 1 drink = 1/2 whiskey = 1,75 ounces
1 whiskey glass = 3,5 ounces
1933 William Guyer: The Merry Mixer. Page 18.
1 dash = 1/3 teaspoon
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1934 American Traveling Mixologists (Charles C. Mueller, Al Hoppe Sr., A. V. Guzman & James Cunningham): Pioneers of Mixing at Elite Bars 1903-1933. Seite 17.
1 dash = 1 dram = 1/8 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces. = 12 drams
Alternativ: 1 jigger = 1,25 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 oz.
In the original preface (on page 9) we read that a jigger can contain different volumes. The size of 1.25 ounces was used in New York’s financial district in the years between 1880 and 1919; the standard jigger, as used in first-class hotels at the time of the book’s printing, holds 1.5 ounces.
1934 Anonymus: 100 Famous Cocktails. Page 22.
1 dash = 1/3 teaspoons
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1934 Anonymus: Jayne’s Bartender’s Guide. Page 136-138.
1 brandy glass oder pony = 0,75 ounces
1 cocktail glass = 3 bis 3,5 ounces
1 old fashioned glass = 7 ounces
1 whisky tumbler = 3 ounces
1 wine glass = 3 ounces
1934 Anonymus: The Complete Bartender’s Guide. Page 5.
1 dash = 20 drops
1 Barspoon = 1/2 teaspoon
1 tablespoon = 1/2 ounce
1 shot = 1 ounce
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,75 ounce
1 jigger = 1/4 Whiskey Glass ( = 0,875 ounces [sic!])
1 drink = 1/2 Whiskey Glass = 1,75 ounces
1 cocktail glass = 2 ounces
1 Whiskey Glass = 3,5 ounces
1934 Irvin S. Cobb: Irvin S. Cobb’s Own Recipe Book. Page 38.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces, before prohibition 2 ounces
1 wiskey glass = 2 ounces
1 glass = 3 bis 4 ounces
1935 Adrian: Cocktail Fashions of 1936. Page 31.
1 dash = 5 drops
1 barspoon = 1/2 teaspoon
1 pony = 3/4 ounces
1 shot = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1935 Anonymus: The Art of Mixing Drinks. Page 44.
1 Scruple = 1/3 dram = 20 grains = 1/24 ounce
1 Drachm = 1/8 ounce
1 Dash = 1/3 teaspoon = 1 scruple
1 Teaspoon = 1 fluid dram
1 Tablespoon = 4 fluid drams = 1/2 fluid ounce
1 Pony = 1 fluid ounce
1 Ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains
1 Jigger = 1 1/2ounces = 1.6 ounces
1 Wineglass = 2 fluid ounces
We also read that an exact specification of how much a jigger is cannot be found anywhere. The amount can be between 1 ounce and 2.5 ounces.
1936 Anonymus: Cocktails and Appetizers. Seite 8.
1 dash = 1/2 teaspoonful
1 pony =1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 glass = 2 ounces
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1937 Anonymus: Here’s How. Seite 11.
The amount of a jigger, so we read, varies between individual cities, and even between individual bars in these cities. The usual is 1.5 ounces.
1938 Hyman Gale & Gerald F. Marco: The How and When. Page 87.
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounces.
1 Pony = 0,75 ounces.
1 Bar Spoon = 0,5 teaspoon.
1 Dash = 20 drops = 1/4 teaspoon.
1940 Anonymus: Professional Mixing Guide. Page 11.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoonful = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1940 Anonymus: Recipes. Page 54.
1 dash = about 4 drops
1 barspoon = 1 teaspoon
1 jigger = 1 ounce
Alternativ: 1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 pony = 3/4 ounce
1940 Crosby Gaige: Crosby Gaige’s Cocktail Guide. Page 207.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoon
1941 W. C. Whitfield: Here’s How. Page 70.
1 dash = 1/3 teaspoon
1 barspoon = 1/2 teaspoon
1 teaspoon = 1 fluid dram
1 tablespoon = 1/2 fluid ounce
1 pony = 1 fluid ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 fluid ounces
1 wineglass = 2 fluid ounces
1 gill = 4 fluid ounces
1943 Oscar Haimo: Cocktail Digest. Page 18. Bar measures.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoonful = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1944 Crosby Gaige: The Standard Cocktail Guide. Page 24.
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1944 Oscar Haimo: Cocktail Digest. Page 24. Standard Bar Measures.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoonful = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1946 Oscar Haimo: Cocktail and Wine Digest. Page 28. Standard Bar Measures.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoonful =1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1946 Trader Vic: Trader Vic’s Book of Food and Drink. Page 32.
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1 1/2 ounces
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1 teaspoonful = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoonful
1948 David A. Embury: The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks. Page 21-22:
1 drop = 1 minim
1 dash = 10 drops
1 teaspoon = 6 dashes = 1 dram
1 pony = 1 ounce = 6 teaspoons
1 jigger = 1,5 bis 2 ounces
1 wineglass = 8 ounces
David Embury states that the common volume for a jigger is 1.5 ounces. However, some authors have tried to standardise the size to 2 ounces.
1949 Anonymus: Professional Mixing Guide. Page 14.
1 cocktail glass = 2 bis 3,5 ounces
1 old fashioned glass = 4 bis 6 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 tumbler = 3 bis 12 ounces
1 whisky glass = 1 bis 2,5 ounces
1949 Wilhelm Stürmer: Cocktails by William. Page 149.
1 Schuß = 1 dash = 1/3 dram = 1/24 oz
1 Teelöffel = 1/8 ounce
1 Eßlöffel = 0,5 ounce
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1951 Anonymus: The Holiday Drink Book. Page 4. Measures and Glasses.
1 Dash = 1/6 teaspoon
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 Jigger = 1/2 ounce
1 wine glass = 4 ounces
1951 Charles H. Baker, Jr.: The South American Gentleman’s Companion. Page 15. Proper Bar Measurements.
1 Dash = 3 Tropfen bis 1/3 teaspoon
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 2 ounces
1 barspoon = 1 teaspoon = 1/6 ounce
1951 Ted Saucier: Ted Saucier’s Bottoms Up. Page 12. Bar Measures.
1 barspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoon
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1953 Anonymus: The ABC of Cocktails. Page 15. Measures.
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounces
…
Wine glass 4 ounces
1953 S. S. Field: The American Drinking Book. Page 208. Measuring.
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 dash = 1/6 teaspoon
1956 Patrick Gavin Duffy: The Official Mixer’s Manual. Page xiii. Standard Bar Measurements.
1 wineglass = 4 ounces
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
2 teaspoons = 1 dessertspoon
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon
1 dash = 1/32 ounce
1965 Anonymus: John de Kuyper’s Complete Guide to Cordials. Page 60. Standard Measures.
1 Dash = 4 to 6 drops
1 Teaspoon = 1/6 ounce
1 Tablespoon = 1/2 ounce
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 Jigger = 1-1/2 ounces (usual)
1 Wine Class = 4 ounces
1965 Robert London & Anne London: Cocktails and Snacks. Page 12. Standard Measurements.
1 Dash = 3 drops
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon = 1/2 ounce
1 pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 large jigger = 2 ounces
1 glass or wine glass = 4 ounces
1966 Oscar Haimo: Cocktail and Wine Digest. Page 28. Standard Bar Measures.
1 Wine Glass = 1 Gill = 4 ounces
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 Teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 Dash = 1/16 ounce
1972 Leo Cotton: Old Mr. Boston. Page 120. Some standard masures.
1 Dash = 1/6 teaspoon = 1/32 ounce
1 Teaspoon (bar spoon) = 1/8 ounce
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounce
1 Wineglass = 4 ounces
1973 Anonymus: 500 Ways to Mix Drinks. Page 2.
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 Pony = 3/4 to 1 ounce
1 Dash = 6 drops = 1/4 teaspoon
1 One Teaspoon = 1/6 ounce = 60 drops
1 Wine Glass = 6,5 ounces
1973 Oscar Haimo: Cocktail and Wine Digest. Page 28. Standard Bar Measures.
1 Wine Glass = 1 Gill = 4 ounces
1 Jigger = 1,5 ounces
1 Pony = 2 Tablespoons = 1 ounce
1 Teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 Dash = 1/32 ounce
1976 Brian F. Rea – Brian’s Booze Guide. Page 22. Standard Bar Measures.
1 Dash = 1/6 teaspoon = 1/32 ounce
1 Teaspoon = 1/8 ounce
1 Pony = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces
2007 David Wondrich: Imbibe!. Page 61-63.
1 dash = 1 dash
1 teaspoon = 1/3 tablespoon oder 1/2 tablespoon
1 tablespoon = 1/2 ounce
1 pony = 1/2 wineglass = 1/2 jigger = 1 ounce
1 jigger = 1 wineglass = 2 ounces; später auch 1,5 ounces oder in den Bars in der Nähe der Wall Street auch 1,25 ounces.
1 wineglass = 2 ounces
1 gill = 5 ounces
2009 David Wondrich: Recipes for Mixed Drinks. A Look At The Book. Page X.
I jigger = 1,5 ounces oder 2 ounces
1 pony = 0,5 jigger
1 whiskey glass = 4 ounces
2011 Helmut Adam, Jens Hasenbein, Bastian Heuser: Cocktailian 1. Das Handbuch der Bar. Page 59.
1 dash = 1/32 ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/8 ounce = 5 ml
1 Tablespoon = 3/8 ounce bis 1/2 ounce = 15 ml
1 pony = 1 ounce = 30 ml
1 jigger = 1 shot = 1,5 ounces = 45 ml
1 wineglass = 4 ounces = 120 ml
2017 Gary Regan: The Joy of Mixology. Page 296. Fluid Measurement Conversions.
1 pony = 1 ounce = 2.96 centiliters
1 jigger = 1,5 ounces = 4,44 centiliters
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